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政府工作報告

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT

——2008年3月5日在第十一屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議上

Delivered at the First Session of the Eleventh National

People's Congress on March 5, 2008

國務院總理　溫家寶

各位代表：

Fellow Deputies,

現在，我代表國務院，向大會報告本屆政府過去五年的工作，對今年工作提出建議，請予審議，并請全國政協各位委員提出意見。

On behalf of the State Council, I would now like to deliver to you a report on the work of the government over the past five years and on the arrangements for its work this year for your deliberation and approval and also for comments and suggestions from the members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

一、 過去五年工作回顧

I. Review of the Work of the Past Five Years

第十屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議以來的五年，是不平凡的五年。在中國共產黨領導下，各級政府和全國各族人民認真貫徹黨的十六大精神，齊心協力，頑強拼搏，積極應對復雜多變的國際環境，努力克服經濟社會發展中的各種困難，戰勝了突如其來的嚴重非典疫情和歷史罕見的低溫雨雪冰凍等特大自然災害，改革開放和現代化建設取得了舉世矚目的重大成就。

The past five years since the First Session of the Tenth National People's Congress was a momentous period. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), governments at all levels and people of all the ethnic groups in China diligently followed the guiding principles set out at the Sixteenth CPC National Congress and worked in concert and with dedication. We vigorously responded to the complex and volatile international environment, strove to overcome various difficulties hindering economic and social development, and prevailed over the sudden and severe outbreak of SARS and catastrophic natural disasters such as the recent snow and ice storms in the south that the region has rarely seen before. We made major achievements in reform, opening up and modernization, which attracted the attention of the world.

——經濟跨上新臺階。2007年，國內生產總值達到24.66萬億元，比2002年增長65.5%，年均增長10.6%，從世界第六位上升到第四位；全國財政收入達到5.13萬億元，增長1.71倍；外匯儲備超過1.52萬億美元。

– The economy reached a new high. China's GDP in 2007 reached 24.66 trillion yuan, an increase of 65.5% over 2002 and an average annual increase of 10.6%, rising from the sixth highest one in the world to the fourth. Total government revenue reached 5.13 trillion yuan, a 171% increase over 2002. Our foreign exchange reserves exceeded US$ 1.52 trillion.

——取消農業稅，終結了農民種田交稅的歷史。全國糧食連續四年增產，2007年產量達到50150萬噸。

– The agricultural tax was rescinded, ending the centuries-old practice of farmers paying taxes. China's grain output rose four consecutive years to reach 501.5 million tons in 2007.

——國有企業、金融、財稅、外經貿體制和行政管理體制等改革邁出重大步伐。開放型經濟進入新階段。2007年進出口總額達到2.17萬億美元，從世界第六位上升到第三位。

– Major progress was made in the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), the financial system, fiscal and taxation systems, the system of foreign trade and economic cooperation, and the administrative system. China has entered a new stage in developing a more open economy. Total volume of imports and exports reached $2.17 trillion in 2007, raising China from the sixth largest trading nation in the world to the third largest.

——創新型國家建設進展良好，涌現出一批具有重大國際影響的科技創新成果。載人航天飛行和首次月球探測工程圓滿成功。

– Good progress was made in efforts to make China more innovative, and a number of major scientific and technological innovations with international impact were made. Manned spaceflights and our first moon exploration project were successfully carried out.

——全面實現農村免費義務教育，這是我國教育發展史上的重要里程碑。覆蓋城鄉的公共衛生體系和基本醫療服務體系初步建立。

– Free compulsory education was made available to all rural students, marking an important milestone in the history of the development of education in China. The basic frameworks for a public health system and a system of basic medical services covering both urban and rural areas have been put in place.

——城鄉公共文化服務體系逐步完善。文化體制改革取得重要進展，文化事業和文化產業快速發展。上海特奧會成功舉辦。北京奧運會、殘奧會和上海世博會籌備工作進展順利。

– Steady improvement was made in the urban and rural system of public cultural services. Significant progress was made in reform of the cultural management system, and the development of cultural programs and cultural industries was accelerated. The Shanghai Special Olympics was successfully held. Preparations for the 2008 Olympics and Paralympics in Beijing and the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai proceeded smoothly.

——民主法制建設取得新進步，依法行政扎實推進，保障人民權益和維護社會公平正義得到加強。

– Progress was made in developing democracy and the legal system and in enhancing law-based government. Greater efforts were made to safeguard people's rights and interests and ensure social fairness and justice.

——人民生活顯著改善。五年全國新增城鎮就業5100萬人。城鎮居民人均可支配收入由2002年7703元增加到2007年13786元，農村居民人均純收入由2476元增加到4140元。社會保障體系框架初步形成。貧困人口逐年減少。

– People's living standards improved significantly. Fifty-one million urban jobs were created over the past five years. Urban per capita annual disposable income rose from 7,703 yuan in 2002 to 13,786 yuan in 2007, and rural per capita annual net income rose from 2,476 yuan to 4,140 yuan during the same period. The basic framework for a social safety net for both urban and rural areas was put in place. The number of people living in poverty was reduced every year.

事實充分說明，過去五年是改革開放和全面建設小康社會取得重大進展的五年，是社會生產力和綜合國力顯著增強的五年，是社會事業全面發展和人民得到更多實惠的五年，是我國國際地位和影響不斷提高的五年。

All these improvements fully demonstrate that during the past five-year period great strides were made in carrying out reform and opening up and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. During this time the productive forces and overall national strength were significantly improved, social programs were comprehensively developed, people received even greater benefits and China's international standing and influence constantly grew.

五年來，我們樹立和落實科學發展觀，著力發展經濟、深化改革開放、保障和改善民生，促進社會和諧，付出了巨大努力，做了大量工作。

During the past five years we established and put into practice the Scientific Outlook on Development, worked hard on economic development, deepened reform and opening up, ensured the wellbeing of the people, improved their lives, and promoted social harmony. We made great efforts and accomplished a great deal.

（一）加強和改善宏觀調控，促進經濟平穩快速發展

1. Improving macroeconomic regulation to promote steady and rapid economic development.

我們圍繞解決經濟運行中的突出矛盾，注重宏觀調控的預見性、及時性和有效性。幾年來，針對固定資產投資增長過快、貨幣信貸投放過多、外貿順差過大，以及農業基礎薄弱等經濟發展中不穩定、不協調、不可持續的問題，嚴把土地、信貸兩個閘門，提高市場準入門檻，適時調整財政政策、貨幣政策，完善產業政策和土地政策，調整經濟結構，加強薄弱環節，搞好經濟運行調節。根據經濟形勢的變化，多次及時調整金融機構存款準備金率、存貸款基準利率，取消或降低高耗能、高排放和資源性產品的出口退稅。這些宏觀調控措施取得明顯成效，經濟連續五年保持平穩快速發展，沒有出現大的起落。

We endeavored to make macroeconomic regulation more proactive, responsive and effective, with the focus on resolving major problems affecting economic operation. Over the past few years, we tightened controls on the supplies of land and credit, raised market access requirements, adjusted financial and monetary policies as needed, improved industrial policies and the land policy, adjusted the economic structure, shored up weak links and effectively regulated economic operation to address problems such as overheated growth in fixed asset investment, excessive supplies of money and credit, excessively large trade surplus, and weakness in agriculture, the foundation of the economy, which could cause economic development to become unstable, unbalanced and unsustainable. In response to changes in the economy, we have repeatedly made timely adjustments in the required reserve ratio and the benchmark interest rates for savings and loans in financial institutions and rescinded or reduced export tax rebates for resource products and products whose production is energy intensive or highly polluting. These macroeconomic regulatory measures produced significant results, and China's economy maintained steady and rapid development throughout the five-year period, without experiencing major fluctuations.

我們從加強農業基礎入手，把促進糧食增產和農民增收作為首要任務，在制度、政策和投入方面采取一系列重大舉措。全部取消了農業稅、牧業稅和特產稅，每年減輕農民負擔1335億元。同時，建立農業補貼制度，對農民實行糧食直補、良種補貼、農機具購置補貼和農業生產資料綜合補貼，對產糧大縣和財政困難縣鄉實行獎勵補助。大幅度增加對農業農村投入，中央財政用于“三農”的支出五年累計1.6萬億元，其中用于農村基礎設施建設近3000億元，地方也較多增加了投入。五年新增節水灌溉面積666.7萬公頃、新增沼氣用戶1650萬戶、新建改建農村公路130萬公里，解決了9748萬農村人口飲水困難和飲水安全問題，建立了重大動物疫病防控體系，防止了高致病性禽流感等疫情蔓延。這些措施，極大地調動了農民積極性，有力地推動了社會主義新農村建設，農村發生了歷史性變化，億萬農民由衷地感到高興。農業的發展，為整個經濟社會的穩定和發展發揮了重要作用。

We adopted a series of major measures related to institutions, policies and investment to increase grain production and rural incomes as a matter of priority and strengthen agriculture as the foundation of the economy. We completely rescinded the agricultural tax, livestock tax and tax on special agricultural products throughout China, reducing the burden on farmers by an average of 133.5 billion yuan per year. In addition, we set up a subsidy scheme for agriculture, instituting direct subsidies for grain producers, subsidies for superior crop varieties, subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, and general subsidies for agricultural production supplies and providing incentives to major grain-producing counties and subsidies to counties and townships with serious financial difficulties. Investment in agriculture and rural areas was greatly increased. Central government allocations for agriculture, rural areas and farmers reached 1.6 trillion yuan over the past five years, including nearly 300 billion yuan that was used for developing rural infrastructure. Local governments also substantially increased their input. During the five-year period, an additional 6.667 million hectares of farmland was equipped with water-saving irrigation facilities, methane gas was made available to 16.5 million more households, 1.3 million kilometers of rural roads were built or upgraded, and safe drinking water was provided to an additional 97.48 million rural residents. A system for the prevention and control of major animal diseases was set up, and the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza was prevented. These measures greatly encouraged farmers to grow more, gave a strong impetus to the development of a new socialist countryside and brought historic changes to rural China to the great satisfaction of hundreds of millions of rural people. Agricultural development played an important role in ensuring the overall stability and development of China's economy and society.

我們制定了國家中長期科學和技術發展規劃綱要，對2006－2020年的科技發展作出全面部署，啟動一批重大專項。這對增強自主創新能力，推進創新型國家建設，有著重要而深遠的影響。基礎科學和前沿技術研究得到加強，取得高性能計算機、第三代移動通信、超級雜交水稻等一批重大創新成果，形成了一批具有自主知識產權和市場競爭力的產品。五年中央財政用于科技的投入達到3406億元。全社會研究與實驗發展經費，從2002年1288億元增加到2007年的3664億元，占國內生產總值比重從1.07%提高到1.49%。以企業為主體的技術創新體系建設取得重要進展。科技創新支撐和引領經濟社會發展的能力明顯增強。

We formulated the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development, which contains comprehensive plans for the development of science and technology in China from 2006 through 2020 and calls for the launching of a number of major projects. This will have an important and far-reaching impact on efforts to strengthen China's capacity for independent innovation and make it an innovative country. Work in basic research and research in leading-edge technologies was intensified; a number of major innovations such as high-performance computers, third generation mobile communications, and super-hybrid rice were achieved; and a number of products that are competitive and carry Chinese intellectual property rights were developed. The central government spent 340.6 billion yuan on science and technology over the past five years. China's total investment in research, experimentation and development rose from the 128.8 billion yuan of 2002 to 366.4 billion yuan in 2007, with its share in the GDP rising from 1.07% to 1.49%. Major progress was made in developing a system for technological innovation in which enterprises play a key role. The capacity of scientific and technological innovation to sustain and boost economic and social development was markedly increased.

我們制定和實施一系列產業政策和專項規劃，促進產業結構優化升級。信息、生物、航空航天、新能源、新材料、海洋等高新技術產業加快發展。振興裝備制造業成效顯著。旅游、金融、物流等現代服務業蓬勃發展。基礎設施基礎產業建設取得長足進展，一批重大工程相繼建成或順利推進。青藏鐵路提前一年建成通車，三峽工程防洪、發電、航運等綜合效益全面發揮，西電東送、西氣東輸全面投產，南水北調工程進展順利，溪洛渡水電站、紅沿河核電站、京滬高速鐵路和千萬噸級煉油廠、百萬噸級乙烯等一批重大項目陸續開工建設，普光氣田、南堡油田等勘查開發取得重大進展。五年新增電力裝機3.5億千瓦，是1950年到2002年53年的總和；新增公路19.2萬公里，其中高速公路2.8萬公里；新增鐵路營運里程6100公里；建成萬噸級以上泊位568個；新增電信用戶4.94億戶。這些有效改善了能源交通通信狀況，增強了經濟社會發展后勁。

We formulated and implemented a series of industrial policies and special plans designed to improve and upgrade the industrial structure. Development of new and high technology industries in information, biology, aerospace, new energy sources, new materials and oceanography was accelerated. Efforts to boost the equipment manufacturing industry produced significant results. Development of modern service industries such as tourism, banking and distribution was accelerated. Great progress was made in the development of infrastructure and basic industries, marked by the completion of or smooth progress on a number of major projects. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway was opened to traffic a year ahead of time; the Three Gorges Project is fully playing its designed role in flood prevention, power generation and shipping; the projects to send electricity and gas from China's western region to the eastern region are fully operational; the project to divert water from southern China to northern China is progressing smoothly; and construction has been started on a number of major projects such as the Xiluodu Hydroelectric Plant, Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant, Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, a ten million-ton capacity oil refinery and a million-ton capacity ethylene plant. Major progress has been made in the prospecting and development of the Puguang Gas Field and the Nanpu Oilfield. Newly added power-generating capacity over the five years totaled 350 million kW, equivalent to all the capacity added between 1950 and 2002. A total of 192,000 kilometers of highways were built, including 28,000 kilometers of expressways. A total of 6,100 kilometers of new railway lines went into operation. An additional 568 berths that can handle ships larger than 10,000 tons were completed. The number of telecommunications users was increased by 494 million. All of the above measures effectively improved the capacity of the energy, transportation and communications sectors and strengthened the basis for further economic and social development.

我們高度重視資源節約和環境保護。“十一五”規劃綱要把節能和減排作為約束性目標。近兩年，又提出并實施節能減排綜合性工作方案，建立節能減排指標體系、監測體系、考核體系和目標責任制，頒布了應對氣候變化國家方案。依法淘汰一大批落后生產能力，關停小火電2157萬千瓦、小煤礦1.12萬處，淘汰落后煉鐵產能4659萬噸、煉鋼產能3747萬噸、水泥產能8700萬噸。啟動十大重點節能工程。燃煤電廠脫硫工程取得突破性進展。中央政府投資支持重點流域水污染防治項目691個。繼續推進天然林保護、京津風沙源治理等生態建設，五年累計退耕還林、植樹造林3191萬公頃，退牧還草3460萬公頃。加強土地和水資源保護，五年整理復墾開發補充耕地152.6萬公頃。經過各方面努力，節能減排取得積極進展，2007年單位國內生產總值能耗比上年下降3.27%，化學需氧量、二氧化硫排放總量近年來首次出現雙下降，比上年分別下降3.14％和4.66％。節約資源和保護環境從認識到實踐都發生了重要轉變。

We gave high priority to conserving resources and protecting the environment. Obligatory targets for saving energy and reducing emissions were set in the Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. In the last two years, a general work plan for saving energy and reducing emissions was introduced; a system of targets for this work, a monitoring system, a system for assessing work performance and a system of accountability for reaching the targets were put in place; and a state plan to address climate change was promulgated. A large number of backward production facilities were shut down in accordance with the law. They include small thermal power plants with a total capacity of 21.57 million kW, 11,200 small coal mines, backward iron smelting facilities with a total capacity of 46.59 million tons, backward steel plants with a total capacity of 37.47 million tons and cement plants with a total capacity of 87 million tons. Ten major energy-saving projects were launched. Breakthroughs were made in carrying out desulfurizing projects for coal-fired power plants. The central government provided financial support for 691 projects to prevent and control water pollution in major river valleys. Work continued on ecological conservation projects such as those to protect natural forests and control the factors causing sandstorms in Beijing and Tianjin. During the five-year period, the area of farmland retired for forestation and other lands planted with trees amounted to 31.91 million hectares, and grazing land returned to natural grasslands totaled 34.6 million hectares. Protection of land and water resources was strengthened, with a total of 1.526 million hectares of farmland being upgraded, reclaimed or newly developed over the last five years. Thanks to the strong efforts of the whole country, encouraging progress was made in conserving energy and reducing emissions. In 2007 there was a 3.27% year-on-year drop in energy consumption per unit of GDP, and for the first time in recent years there was a reduction in both chemical oxygen demand and the total emission of sulfur dioxide, with the former down 3.14% and the latter down 4.66% from the previous year. People became more aware of the importance of conserving resources and protecting the environment and made greater efforts in this area.

我們實施區域發展總體戰略。西部大開發繼續推進，五年中央財政支持重點建設投資2800多億元，基礎設施和生態環境建設取得明顯進展，重點地區和特色優勢產業加快發展。制定和實施振興東北地區等老工業基地戰略，大型糧食基地建設不斷加強，國有企業改革改組改造取得突破性進展，重大技術裝備國產化成效顯著，資源型城市經濟轉型試點進展順利，老工業基地煥發出新的生機和活力。制定和實施促進中部地區崛起政策措施，糧食主產區現代農業建設步伐加快，重要能源原材料工業、裝備制造業和綜合交通運輸體系進一步發展。東部地區繼續率先發展，經濟實力和整體素質顯著提升。經濟特區、上海浦東新區、天津濱海新區開發開放加快推進。這些重大舉措，促進了區域經濟合理布局和協調發展。

We followed a master strategy for regional development. Continued progress was made in the large-scale development of the western region, with central government financial support for key projects totaling over 280 billion yuan over the last five years. Substantial progress was made in infrastructure development and ecological and environmental conservation projects, and development of key areas and industries with local advantages was accelerated. We formulated and implemented the strategy of rejuvenating the old industrial bases such as northeast China, increased efforts to develop large grain production bases, made breakthroughs in reforming, reorganizing and upgrading SOEs, made major progress in using domestically-produced key equipment in place of imports, and made smooth headway in the trial to transform the economies of cities dependent on resource exploitation. The old industrial bases are now showing new signs of vitality. We formulated and implemented policies and measures to promote development in the central region and made accelerated progress in developing modern agriculture in major grain-producing areas. Major energy and raw material industries, the equipment manufacturing industry and the overall transportation system were further developed. The eastern region continued to lead in development, with significant gains in economic strength and overall improvement. The process of developing and opening up the special economic zones, the Shanghai Pudong New Area and the Tianjin Binhai New Area was accelerated. These major measures promoted a better distribution and more balanced development of regional economies.